Abstract
This study aims to develop an efficient analysis code for impact analyses
of framed structures. If the model to be analyzed is a large structure,
it is desirable, from the point of calculation costs, to use a small number
of elements per member. However, this tends to lower the accuracy and reliability
of the result and so it is very important to have a numerical scheme that
ensures accuracy even when the number of elements per member is small.
Toi and Isobe developed the Adaptively Shifted Integration (ASI) technique
for the linear Timoshenko beam element. In comparison to the conventional
finite element method, the ASI technique normally gives a comparatively
more precise solution. However, compared to the converged solution, it
still lacks accuracy in elastic deformation when used with two elements
per member. In this study, the ASI technique is modified into the ASI-Gauss
technique by placing the numerical integration points of the two consecutive
elements forming a member in such a way that stresses and strains are evaluated
at the Gaussian integration points of the two-element member. On comparison
with the ASI technique, the ASI-Gauss technique proved its high accuracy
and efficiency in elastic range.
Generally, it is difficult to determine the impact loads resulted in a
structure due to a collision. Moreover, applying impact loads to an analytical
model in the form of nodal forces may not well simulate the impact phenomenon.
This study tries to simulate the impact phenomenon by means of contacts
between the elements involved. Contact determination is done by examining
the following two factors: (1) the distance between the approaching element
and the another one, (2) the condition under which all four nodal points
of the two elements lie on the same plane. Elemental contact is simulated
by temporarily binding the two elements in contact with a total of four
gap elements, whose stiffness and resultant forces are set to zero after
a certain period of time. This elemental contact algorithm was verified
from the point of conservation of energy and the results showed its high
reliability. Furthermore, impact analyses are performed using a high-rise
framed structure and a small aircraft. From the results, we could observe
propagation phenomena of impact loads and shock waves. Different parameters
of the aircraft produced proper difference in impact damage. Moreover,
soon after impact, tensile stresses were observed in the columns that had
been compressed by gravity loads before impact.